The European Union has imposed a total fine of €458 million on 16 automakers, including Volkswagen, Stellantis, and Renault, for engaging in an illegal cartel related to the recycling of end-of-life vehicles. Over a span of 15 years, these companies entered into anti-competitive agreements. Specifically, Volkswagen was fined €128 million, Stellantis was fined €75 million, and Renault faced a penalty of €81 million.
