Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) were initially heralded as a prime stepping stone towards full electrification, designed to utilize electricity for short commutes and gasoline for extended journeys. This dual-fuel approach was envisioned to not only slash emissions but also mitigate the range anxiety commonly associated with pure electric vehicles. However, the practical scenario unfolds differently: while many car owners express a preference for pure electric operation, PHEVs are hampered by their relatively modest battery capacities, typically offering just over 100 kilometers of electric range. This necessitates frequent charging for owners (with nearly 70% recharging their vehicles 2 to 3 times weekly), inadvertently intensifying concerns over range limitations.

Moreover, the cost disparity between fuel and electricity consumption during long-distance travel remains substantial. Additionally, PHEVs demand regular engine maintenance, and the presence of dual power systems raises apprehensions regarding potential failure rates. Despite ongoing technological strides in PHEVs, including the adoption of 800V high-voltage architectures to expedite charging times, their role as transitional models continues to be hampered by factors such as insufficient charging infrastructure and constrained battery longevity.