Producing high-performance flexible circuits on three-dimensional curved surfaces—such as the curved displays of wearable gadgets, the intricate surfaces of medical equipment, the irregular casings of household appliances, aircraft wings, robotic joints, and the skins of architectural structures—presents a host of challenges. These encompass issues like achieving a seamless conformal fit, maintaining intricate precision control, dealing with limited material adaptability, and ensuring long-term reliability. Moreover, common problems include the susceptibility of circuits to breakage, signal instability, low production yields, and obstacles to large-scale manufacturing.
