On January 8, 2026, Associate Professor Sun Hao and his team from the Transformative Molecular Frontier Science Center at Shanghai Jiao Tong University made headlines with the publication of their research paper, "High-voltage anode-free sodium-sulfur batteries," in the prestigious journal Nature. This groundbreaking study revolutionizes the traditional low-valence reaction pathway of S0/S2− in alkali metal-sulfur battery systems, steering it towards a high-valence reaction pathway of S0/S4+. This marks the inception of a pioneering high-voltage, anode-free sodium-sulfur battery system. Room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries, while boasting high elemental abundance and cost-effectiveness, have long been plagued by the limitations of the traditional low-valence reaction pathway. This pathway not only results in a low discharge voltage but also necessitates an excessive use of metallic sodium at the anode, thereby posing significant safety risks. In a remarkable feat, Sun Hao's team has successfully elevated the discharge voltage to 3.6V and eliminated the need for sodium metal during battery preparation. This innovation significantly enhances both the safety and cost-effectiveness of the batteries. Delving deeper into the science, the study sheds light on the redox reaction mechanism of the S0/S4+ high-valence state. By optimizing the electrolyte, the team has overcome the challenges associated with high-valence sulfur conversion reactions. Furthermore, the research team has synthesized highly efficient catalysts to enhance the charge-discharge depth and reaction kinetics of the sulfur cathode. This novel battery system showcases exceptional application potential. It is capable of stable operation across an ultra-wide temperature range and remains functional even after 400 days of storage. Moreover, its estimated material costs offer a competitive edge. To top it off, the team has successfully fabricated ampere-hour-scale batteries and flexible fiber-shaped batteries, demonstrating their safety in a variety of practical application scenarios.