At a pivotal juncture in the global energy transformation, perovskite solar cells, representing a cutting-edge generation of photovoltaic technology, exhibit tremendous potential for industrial application. Among the various factors influencing their development, the fabrication of consistent and reliable hole transport layers (HTLs) is of paramount importance for the production of large-area modules. Nevertheless, HTLs constructed from self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) encounter challenges such as feeble interfacial adhesion, suboptimal film uniformity, and inadequate stability, all of which hinder their widespread adoption on a large scale.
