Aqueous batteries, distinguished by their use of water as the electrolyte, are renowned for their high safety and non-flammability. For instance, lead-acid batteries, prevalent in automotive starting systems, and nickel-metal hydride batteries, commonly found in children's toys, both fall under this category. Their operation hinges on the efficient storage and transport of protons. However, these batteries suffer from relatively low energy density. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries, widely employed in large-scale energy storage applications, have significantly boosted their energy density through the adoption of low-cost lithium iron phosphate cathodes. Despite this, the use of flammable organic electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries poses risks of combustion and explosion. Consequently, the pursuit of aqueous batteries that offer high energy density, extended cycle life, and uncompromising safety has emerged as a pivotal research area for both academia and industry.