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The direct regeneration of spent layered ternary oxide cathodes offers a sustainable approach to resource recovery and circular battery production. While direct regeneration can rectify lattice defects and restore electrochemical capacity akin to that of the original NCM (Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese), the regenerated cathode materials still suffer from significant capacity degradation, similar to the original NCM, during cycling. This limitation hampers their practical application. The main cause of degradation is the migration of transition metals (TM) from the TM layer to the lithium (Li) layer during cycling, which induces a phase transition from a layered structure to a spinel or rock-salt phase. This, in turn, obstructs the movement of lithium ions (Li+) through specific channels, thereby compromising the battery's long-term cycling stability.
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