Nickel-based superalloys are renowned for their ability to uphold exceptional mechanical properties even when subjected to high temperatures, elevated stresses, and intricate environmental conditions. This makes them indispensable in crucial sectors such as aerospace engines, gas turbines, and energy equipment. The outstanding performance of these superalloys is attributed to meticulous chemical composition design and rigorous microstructural management, which confer them with advantageous high-temperature strength, excellent creep resistance, and robust fatigue resistance.

However, conventional manufacturing techniques like casting and machining are plagued by cumbersome procedures, lengthy production cycles, and suboptimal yield rates. Furthermore, under extended service conditions, these superalloys are susceptible to damage and failure due to the combined effects of high-temperature erosion and thermal cyclic loading. In recent times, the emergence of metal additive manufacturing technology (commonly known as 3D printing) has presented a groundbreaking approach for the fabrication and repair of intricate components crafted from superalloys.