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In recent years, the hydrovoltaic effect has garnered significant attention due to its distinctive merits in energy harvesting and sensing applications. This technology, known as hydrovoltaic ion sensing, harnesses water evaporation to propel solution flow through functionalized nanochannels. This process generates voltage and current signals that are correlated with ion concentration through solid-liquid interface interactions. Nevertheless, the substantial diffusion resistance at the solid-liquid interface poses a challenge, as it prolongs the time required for water and ions to achieve diffusion equilibrium. This limitation hinders its application in rapid ion detection. Thus, the pressing scientific challenge lies in overcoming flow resistance and gravity constraints to realize rapid and highly sensitive hydrovoltaic ion sensing.
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