With the interconnected development of electric two- and three-wheelers, global regulations (such as UN-R155) mandate cybersecurity capabilities due to the risk of network attacks causing vehicle loss of control. To streamline compliance processes, manufacturers can adopt built-in security components that adhere to standards like ISO/SAE 21434. Security chips introduced by companies such as NXP (e.g., S32K3 MCU) provide hardware-level security protection for vehicle modules including motor control and infotainment.
